CONDITIONAL SENTENSE ( Kaimat Pengandaian )
Conditional Sentences merupakan kalimat
yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi
atau bahkan tidak mungkin terjadi. Kalimat pengandaian ini memiliki beberapa
bentuk yang mewakili beragam bentuk waktu, dengan kata lain, bentuk kalimat
pengandaian ini akan tergantung pada bentuk waktu peristiwa yang diandaikan.
Pada bahasa Inggris Conditional Sentense mempunyai 3 (tiga)
tipe, Anrata lain :
Ø Tipe 1
Conditional
Sentences (kalimat pengandaian) yang akan mungkin terjadi pada waktu sekarang atau waktu yang akan datang.
Rumus :
If + Subject Present + Subject + Future Tense
atau
IF + S + V1, S + will + V1
Contoh : If Dinda comes, I will give her the letter.
(Jika Dinda datang, saya akan sampaikan surat itu padanya)
Ø Tipe 2
Conditional
Sentences (kalimat pengandaian) yang menyatakan suatu keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi di masa lampau.
Rumus :
If + Subject + Simple Past….+ Subject + Would + V1
atau
IF + S + V2, S + would + V1
Contoh : If I
passed the exam, I would married
(Jika saya lulus ujian, saya akan menikah)
Ø Tipe 3
Conditional
Sentences (kalimat pengandaian) yang menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang bertentangan di masa lalu dan tidak ada harapan akan terlaksana.
Rumus :
If + Subject + Past Perfect….+ Subject + Would +
Have + Past Participle
Could
atau
IF + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3
Contoh : If I had
known her number, I would have called her.
(Seandainya saya
tahu nomor teleponnya saya akan meneleponnya)
Sumber :
Tugas Bahasa Inggris II Softskill (Toefl Structure skill 5 (Adverb Clause Connectors))
Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences:(Indonesian Version)
He is tired because
he has been working so hard.
Because he has been
working so hard, he is tired.
In each of these examples, there are two clauses: he is tired and he has been working so hard. The clause he has been working so hard is an adverb clause that is introduced with the connector because. In the first example, the connector because comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example, the connector because comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence.
The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
_____ arrived at the library, he started to work immediately.
(A) The student
(B) When
(C) He
(D) After the student
In this example, you should recognize easily that the verb arrived needs a subject. There is also another clause, he started to work immediately. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb arrived, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb arrived. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, student, for the verb, arrived, and there is a connector, after, to join the two clauses.
The following chart lists common adverb connectors and the sentence patterns used with them.
EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway. (C)
Analysis:
Both clauses have subject and verb.
The connector “when” is correct, too.
2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long. (I)
Analysis:
The second clause has no verb. It should be the lines were so long.
The connector “since” is correct.
3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects. (I)
Analysis:
Both clauses are correct but there is no connector.
4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town. (C)
Analysis:
Both clauses and connector are correct.
5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not. (I)
Analysis:
Second clause has no subject. It should be it is on sale or not
Connector “whether” is correct
6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen. (I)
Analysis:
There are two connectors; Just and While.
“While” should be erased, so the sentence becomes a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.
7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new house. (C)
Analysis:
Both clauses and connector are corretc.
8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime. (I)
Analysis:
There is no comma after the first clause. It should be the area is a desser,
9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident. (C)
Analysis:
All three clauses are correct and the connectors are correct, too.
10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the small details will not cause problems. (I)
Analysis:
Second clause ” will have a much better time” has no subject. It should be you will have a much better time.
Reff:
http://www.toeflskill.com/2011/02/skill-5-adverb-clause-connectors.html
9 Maret 2012
TUGAS Bahasa Inggris 2 - Adverbial Clause
Definition and Types of Adverbial Clause
Definition of Adverbial Clause
Clause (the clause) that functions as an adverb, which describes a verb. Adverbial clause is usually classified based on the "meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctions which preceded it).
Types of Adverbial Clause :
1. Clause of Time
Clause which shows the time. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as after, before, no sooner, while, as, etc.
example:
Shut the door before you go out.
You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
2. Clause of Place
Clause that indicates the place. Usually made by using the conjunction as where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, etc.
example:
They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
The guard stood where he was positioned.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause that indicates the existence of a conflict between two events or events that are related. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc.
example:
As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause which shows the way how a job is done or event occurs. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as, how, like, in that, etc.
example:
He did as I told him.
You may finish it how you like.
They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause which shows the relationship intentions / objectives and outcomes. Usually made by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc.
example:
They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause indicating cause and effect relationships. There are some patterns to form this type of clause.
example:
Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
Clause (the clause) that functions as an adverb, which describes a verb. Adverbial clause is usually classified based on the "meaning / intent" of the conjunction (conjunctions which preceded it).
Types of Adverbial Clause :
1. Clause of Time
Clause which shows the time. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as after, before, no sooner, while, as, etc.
example:
Shut the door before you go out.
You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
2. Clause of Place
Clause that indicates the place. Usually made by using the conjunction as where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, etc.
example:
They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
The guard stood where he was positioned.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause that indicates the existence of a conflict between two events or events that are related. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, etc.
example:
As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause which shows the way how a job is done or event occurs. Usually made by using the conjunction (connecting word) such as, how, like, in that, etc.
example:
He did as I told him.
You may finish it how you like.
They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause which shows the relationship intentions / objectives and outcomes. Usually made by using conjunctions such as (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, etc.
example:
They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause indicating cause and effect relationships. There are some patterns to form this type of clause.
example:
Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
http://apaan-nih-albasiir.blogspot.com/2011/02/pengertian-dan-jenis-adverbial-clause.html
Ø
THEORIES OF
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain
grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun
modified by an adjective clause and then an example of the same noun modified
by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the main
clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reduction in
these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun
must be a subject pronoun in all cases.
|
Grammatical
Condition
|
Clause
|
Phrase
|
|
Verb in
adjective clause is an active verb
|
People who
live in large cities...
|
people living
in large cities...
|
|
Verb in
adjective clause is progressive
|
Students who
are studying at urban campuses...
|
Students studying
at urban campuses...
|
|
Verb in
adjective clause is passive
|
Children who
are born with congenital heart disease...
|
Children
born with congenital heart disease... (the preferred style)
|
|
Adj. clause
has the verb be + adjective + infinitive complement
|
Children who
are most likely to recover from serious illness...
|
Children most
likely to recover from serious illness...
|
|
Adj.
clause has another name for the modified noun (an appositive)
|
Dr.
Francisco Ramirez, who is chief pediatric surgeon at Children's
Hospital,...
|
Dr.
Francisco Ramirez, chief pediatric surgeon at Children's Hospital,...
the appositive phrase is preferred style and is non-restrictive.
|
relative pronoun use who subject or object pronoun for
people which subject or object pronoun for animals and things which referring
to a whole sentence whose possession for people animals and things whom object
pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative
clauses we colloquially prefer who) that subject or object pronoun for people,
animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also
possible)
|
relative pronoun
|
use
|
|
who
|
subject or
object pronoun for people
|
|
which
|
subject or
object pronoun for animals and things
|
|
which
|
referring
to a whole sentence
|
|
whose
|
possession
for people animals and things
|
|
whom
|
object
pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining
relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
|
|
that
|
subject or
object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses
(who or which are also possible)
|
Ø EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
·
Students who
are intelligent understand adjectives.
(The adjective clause is underlined. It is an "adjective" clause
because it describes the noun "students.")
·
I love
sentences which extol the virtues of English teachers.
(The adjective clause is underlined. It modifies the
object "sentences.")
·
Students whom
I admire want to become English teachers.
(The adjective clause is underlined and modifies the
subject "students.")
·
My English
teacher, who wears old fashioned ties, is laughed at by the students.
(The adjective clause is underlined. It doesn’t identify the English
teacher; it just provides a gossipy sort of detail about him. Set these off
with commas.)
·
My English
book, which is a monument of boredom, is used mainly as a door stop.
(The adjective clause is underlined. It doesn’t
identify the English book, it justprovides a gossipy, editorial comment about
it. Set this clause off with a comma.)
Ø ARTICLE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The Symptoms and Causes of Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the thin tissue that lines most of the internal organs (mesothelium). The doctor divides mesothelioma into several types based on which part of this cancer occurs.
- Pleural malignant mesothelioma, which occurs in the tissue lining around the lungs and is the most common type.
- Peritoneal mesothelioma, occurring in tissues that line the stomach.
- Pericardial mesothelioma, occurring in the tissue lining around the heart.
- Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis, occurs in the lining around the testicles
The symptoms of Mesothelioma
Signs and the symptoms of mesothelioma varies based on where the cancer occurs.
Pleural mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Pain when breathing
• Pain when coughing
• Pain in the lower rib
• an unusual lump in the chest under the skin layer
• Lost weight suddenly
• Dry cough
Peritoneal mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Pain in abdomen
• Swelling in the abdomen
• Changes in bowel movements, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation
• Lump in the tissues in the abdominal area
• Lost weight suddenly
Other forms of mesothelioma
Signs and the symptoms pericardial mesothelioma and tunica vaginalis are unclear. On health , there is no complete information about this. Pericardial mesothelioma have signs and symptoms that may include difficulty breathing or chest pain. While mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis can be detected first by the enlargement of the testicles.
The Causes of Mesothelioma
In general, cancer occurs when cell DNA mutation. This mutation makes the cells continued to grow and flourish while others have normal cell cycles of life and death. Accumulation of cancer cells can form a malignant tumor.
It is unclear what causes the initial genetic mutations that lead to mesothelioma although scientists identify factors that may increase the risk. Cancer may result from a combination of several factors, such as heredity, environment, health condition and lifestyle.
Benign pleural mesothelioma
Benign tumors that form in the chest sometimes called benign mesothelioma. But the term is misleading. Benign mesothelioma is not started on the same cell where the cancer is formed. And in some cases kacil, benign mesothelioma can be very aggressive. For this reason, some doctors now prefer to call this tumor as a solitary fibrous tumor.
Solitary fibrous tumors usually do not cause signs and the symptoms. It is unclear what caused the solitary fibrous tumor, but tumors are associated with asbestos contamination pollutants. Treatment for solitary fibrous tumors usually includes surgery procedures.
Signs and the symptoms of mesothelioma varies based on where the cancer occurs.
Pleural mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Pain when breathing
• Pain when coughing
• Pain in the lower rib
• an unusual lump in the chest under the skin layer
• Lost weight suddenly
• Dry cough
Peritoneal mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Pain in abdomen
• Swelling in the abdomen
• Changes in bowel movements, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation
• Lump in the tissues in the abdominal area
• Lost weight suddenly
Other forms of mesothelioma
Signs and the symptoms pericardial mesothelioma and tunica vaginalis are unclear. On health , there is no complete information about this. Pericardial mesothelioma have signs and symptoms that may include difficulty breathing or chest pain. While mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis can be detected first by the enlargement of the testicles.
The Causes of Mesothelioma
In general, cancer occurs when cell DNA mutation. This mutation makes the cells continued to grow and flourish while others have normal cell cycles of life and death. Accumulation of cancer cells can form a malignant tumor.
It is unclear what causes the initial genetic mutations that lead to mesothelioma although scientists identify factors that may increase the risk. Cancer may result from a combination of several factors, such as heredity, environment, health condition and lifestyle.
Benign pleural mesothelioma
Benign tumors that form in the chest sometimes called benign mesothelioma. But the term is misleading. Benign mesothelioma is not started on the same cell where the cancer is formed. And in some cases kacil, benign mesothelioma can be very aggressive. For this reason, some doctors now prefer to call this tumor as a solitary fibrous tumor.
Solitary fibrous tumors usually do not cause signs and the symptoms. It is unclear what caused the solitary fibrous tumor, but tumors are associated with asbestos contamination pollutants. Treatment for solitary fibrous tumors usually includes surgery procedures.
Ø
DO
THESE EXERCISE
·
I talked to
the woman, she was sitting next to me.(who)
·
I have a
class, it begins at 8.00 AM.(which)
·
The man
called the police. His car was stolen.(whose)
·
The building
is very old. He lives there.(where)
·
The woman
was Mrs Silvy. I saw her.(whom)
answer :
·
I talked to
the woman who was sitting next to me.
·
I have a
class which begins at 8.00 AM.
·
The man
whose car was stolen called the police
·
The building
where he lives is very old.
·
The woman
whom i saw was Mrs Silvy.
Sumber:
artikel-bahasainggris.blogspot.com/2011/08/symptoms-and-causes-of-mesothelioma.html
Senin, 12 Maret 2012
Tugas Bahasa Inggris 2
Conditional
Sentences
In
grammar , conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual
implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a
variety of conditional constructions and verb forms to form such sentences.
Because
conditional sentences are quite complex in both form and meaning, they are a
problem for most learners of English. If you have a good understanding of the
English tense system and of the modal auxiliaries, you will find it easier to
understand and use conditional sentences.
All
conditional sentences contain a dependent clause and an independent clause. The
dependent clause usually begins with if; it expresses a condition. The
independent clause expresses a result of the condition. The if-clause is
usually first, but the order of the clauses is usually not important.
Type
1
·
Future conditionals that express a desire, hope, or plan that still can happen
/ when we are thinking about possibilities.
RUMUS
:
1. IF + S + Modal Present + V1 + Simple Present
Example :
-If you don't have breakfast, you will be hungry
1. IF + S + Modal Present + V1 + Simple Present
Example :
-If you don't have breakfast, you will be hungry
-If
it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.
-If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go on picnic
-If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go on picnic
-I
can give you a car if I have much money
-If
i find his book , I will give it to his
-I
will pass the exam if I study hard
-I
will eat a fried rice if I can cook a fried rice
-If
they all do their best, the party is great .
-If
I have free time , I will watch a cinema with my friends.
Type
2
• contrary to the facts now.
RUMUS :
• contrary to the facts now.
RUMUS :
2. If + Simple Past,Would + V1
Example :
Example :
-If
you came home earlier, I would make you a cake.
Fact : You don’t come home earlier , So I don’t make a cake for you.
Fact : You don’t come home earlier , So I don’t make a cake for you.
-If
I naughty she would kick me.
Fact : I don’t
naughty , so she .
-I
would a pass the exam , If I Studied hard
Fact : I wouldn’t
past the exam and I don't study hard
-
They would fly to Indonesia if they had more money.
Fact : they don’t have much money , so they wouldn’t fly to Indonesia.
Fact : they don’t have much money , so they wouldn’t fly to Indonesia.
-If
I found her ring , i would gave her ring .
Fact : I can
not find her ring , so I wouldn’t give her ring.
-If
Diana birthday is today , he would bought her a flower.
Fact : Diana
birthday isn’t today , so he wouldn’t buy her a flower.
-If
she angry with me , she would threw things in front of me.
Fact : she doesn’t
angry with me, so she wouldn’t throw things in front of me.
-If
he has a punishment , he would ran a round in the yard.
Fact : he doesn’t
has a punishment , so he wouldn’t run a round in the yard.
Type
3
•Past conditionals that express a wish, hope or plan that does not happen (impossible) or when we imagine a situation based on the facts in the past.
•Past conditionals that express a wish, hope or plan that does not happen (impossible) or when we imagine a situation based on the facts in the past.
RUMUS :
3. If + Past Perfect, Would Have +V3
Example :
- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
3. If + Past Perfect, Would Have +V3
Example :
- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
Fact : you didn’t
study hard, so you didn’t pass the exam.
-
If the weather had been fine , I would have came to your house
Fact : The weather wasn’t fine, so I didn’t come to your house.
- If the Goal Keeper had passed the ball more exactly, our team would have had more chances to attack.
Fact : The weather wasn’t fine, so I didn’t come to your house.
- If the Goal Keeper had passed the ball more exactly, our team would have had more chances to attack.
Fact : I didn’t the
Goal Keeper , so I wasn’t chances to attack.
-If
my body had been fine , I would have came to school
Fact : My body
wasn’t fine , so I didn’t come to school.
-If
the founder of the Restaurant had a good waitress , I always would have
had to came.
Fact : I
didn’t the founder of the restaurant , So I weren’t always to come.
-If
I hadn’t ran so fast , I wouldn’t have had felt thirsty
Fact : I run
so fast , so I had feel thirsty
Bibliography
Anwar
, F.Munash .2008.English In Progress.Yudhistira.
Azar
, Betty Schrampfer. 1989.Understanding and Using English Grammar.Prentice Hall
Regents,Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632
Poerwoto
, Cintavhati.Bussiness Readings For Students Of Economics
tugas bahasa inggris softskill Conditional sentences
Conditional sentence adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari dua klausa (if clause dan result clause) yang salah satunya berisi syarat atau kondisi yang memengaruhi kebenaran kalimat tersebut. Posisi kedua klausa dalam kalimat ini bisa berubah-ubah, bisa if clause terlebih dahulu ataupun result clause terlebih dahulu, tanpa mengubah arti kalimat. Namun demikian, terdapat perbedaan struktur kalimat tergantung klausa yang mana yang diletakkan terlebih dahulu. Jika If clause diletakkan terlebih dahulu, maka diperlukan koma (,) untuk memisahkan kedua klausanya.Terdapat tiga tipe conditional sentence.
1. Tipe I (present/future-true condition)
Tipe yang pertama digunakan dalam kalimat yang kejadiannya terjadi pada rentang waktu kini (present) hingga masa depan (future). Dalam tipe pertama ini, kalimat ini mungkin saja benar jika syaratnya terpenuhi. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Auldrey is on a book store to buy an English book. There, he finds the latest edition of his favorite comic books. He really wants to buy that comic book, but he doesn’t know whether his money is enough to buy the English book and that comic book or not. Hence, he says this to herself:
I will buy that comic book if I have enough money.
Dari kalimat tersebut, dapat disimpulkan jika nanti ternyata uang Auldrey cukup untuk membeli buku Bahasa Inggris dan komik, maka ia akan membeli komiknya. Akan tetapi, jika uangnya tidak cukup, dia tidak akan membeli komik itu. Jadi, kalimat ini bisa menjadi benar jika uang Auldrey cukup.
Tipe I memiliki pola sebagai berikut:
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